Saturday 1 October 2016

Recreation of the Learn Vray course shaders within Maya - (Instead of 3ds Max)

Studio max has many advantages over Maya for shader creation, especially when it comes to procedural texturing. The alternative for detailed procedural texturing in Maya is to use a plugin like Filter Forge for Photoshop that can generate large tileable textures. It's a some what poor work around but people like Alex Alvarez use this method to create detailed terrains in Maya/Mental Ray - see HERE. Hopefully Maya will some have better procedurals that work with renders like Vray, Arnold and Redshift soon.

Another annoyance is that curves in Maya don't have bezier handles but, by using splines, the same result as in max, can be achieved.

Below I have replicated shaders from the "Learn Vray" course. See 3ds Max versions HERE.

I've scripted them into a UI which has formed an ever growing library. They need a little tweaking but I will do that as I use them. This is what I love about Maya - MEL and Python scripting.



Here's how some of them look on the Learn Vray course shader ball, cloth and Gargoyle.

Saturday 24 September 2016

Eco Work Room

Another learning exercise - this time a recreation of a room from Home Design Magazine by Catherine Whitting - an Eco Interior. I changed alot of details but kept the overall color scheme and basic furniture arrangement.

Modeled in Maya
Rendered in Vray for Maya

Final Render
Light Balance
Reference image from Home Design

Sunday 11 September 2016

Something's Gotta Give - Kitchen

As a learning exercise I've decided to model, texture and render a number of photos. The process will hopefully improve my rendering by giving me instant feed back on real world lighting and shading. The first photo I decided to replicate is a photo I found in a copy of "Home Beautiful". It's the kitchen from the movie "Something's Gotta Give".

There are quite a few things that are incorrect. Most notably the modeling was a bit rushed resulting in inaccurate beveling details and, to save time, my render settings were rather low resulting in all the grainy noise.

It's a learning exercise so no need for perfection.

All modeling was done in Maya and rendering in Vray for Maya.

Here is my final render:
Here is the wire-frame for modeling:
Here is the lightbalance:

If I were to re-render the scene I have a good idea about what would need changing to up the realism and create a better match.

Here is the photo I was attempting to replicate: Link

Sunday 4 September 2016

Learn Vray - course renders

I recently completed the lessons for the "Learn Vray" course - (visit www.learnvray.com). It teaches a simple yet powerful method for creating realistic Architectural renderings.  The principles are broadly useful for simulating photographic images of all sorts and in any render engine.

Here are my renders for the course scenes - completed in V-Ray for Maya:

 Light Balance Renders:

Final Renders













Thursday 1 September 2016

Test Renders

Some random test renders in Vray For Maya:

My first attempt at ice - very much a W.I.P

Friday 1 July 2016

Vray for Maya - 2 sided shader test 2 - bushland environment

An experiment with my old forest scene - this time using Vray for Maya - 2sided shaders - (sun + HDRI) - click to enlarge.

Saturday 2 April 2016

Vray for maya - 2 sided shader test 1

Playing with VRay for Maya's 2Sided Translucent shader.

02. HDRI lighting of ferns with Pysical Camera + Depth of field
 01. Glossy leaves - Vray Sun & Sky

More network tweaking to be done....

Sunday 20 March 2016

Light and Shaders - Notes & Links

Please Note: This page is a work in  progress. It is simply collection of notes and reference links I'm using to help me better understand  the rendering process. This page is a starting point and will be expanded upon as I learn more and therefore some things may be incorrect or incomplete. If they are please let me know and I'll update the page. 

The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Electromagnetic Waves

 Michael Faraday, (1791 – 1867), was a British scientist who invented a way to visually depict electric fields around a charge. Positive charged field lines point radially outward and negatively charged lines point inward.


Interesting guy with an interesting story:

Faraday's theories of electric and magnetic fields were later put into a mathematical form by James Clerk Maxwell who showed light to be an oscillatory electromagnetic disturbance. 

James Clerk Maxwell  (1831 – 1879)

The red plain (magnetic field) points up/down on the Y axis, the blue plain (electric field) points in/out on the Z axis whilst the X axis represents velocity. They are perpendicular to one another.

In reality the magnetic field is much smaller than the electric field.

The color of visible light is tied to its wavelength. Light within the visible spectrum runs from violet which has a wavelength of Approx 7.5x10^14 Hz (approx 400nm) to red which is about 4x10^14 (approx 750nm) Hz.  Gamma rays are an example of extremely high frequency (Approx 10000 times stronger than a visible light ray), and radio waves are an example of low frequency. The higher the frequency the higher the energy which is why gamma rays are so dangerous.

Light travels at 3x10^8 (300 million m/s) - Velocity = Frequency x Wavelength. White light contains all wave lengths and different wavelengths are refracted and absorbed at different rates depending on the material. 

Light Frequency Wiki:

Refraction Wiki:

Absorption:

The classical picture of light therefore treats light as a wave where wavelength relates to colour and amplitude relates to Intensity(brightness).


Light, however, behaves like both a wave and a particle depending on how it's observed .

Particles of light are called photons and the energy of a single photon is measured by the number of photons per time interval (frequency) x Planck's Constant.

Planck Constant Wiki:

The Photoelectric Effect

"Einstein noted that the photoelectric effect depended on the wavelength, and hence the frequency of the light. At too low a frequency, even intense light produced no electrons. However, once a certain frequency was reached, even low intensity light produced electrons.... He then postulated that light travels in packets whose energy depends on the frequency, and therefore only light above a certain frequency would bring sufficient energy to liberate an electron"

 
The photoelectric effect is interesting because it highlights the problem with the classical model where electrons, when irradiated by light, should be ejected so long as the intensity (amplitude) is big enough, regardless of the lights wavelength frequency. The maximum amount of kinetic energy should increase with the amplitude but, in reality, it's photon frequency that matters and not the waves amplitude(brightness).

An English translation of Einstein's paper on the Photoelectric Effect: http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans/100

Photoelectric effect Wiki:

Einstein's contribution Wiki:

Wave-particle duality:

Planks Constant Wiki:

Interference Patterns

The double split experiment showed that, although light is detected as particles, the interference patterns are wave like.

Wave Particle Duality Wiki:


Lights and Temperature

"A black body (also blackbody) is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body

Even if all light is absorbed by an object it will eventually start to glow. As an objects temperature increases and object emits light as blackbody radiation. Objects emitting blackbody radiation will glow at the same color so long as they are at the same temperature irrespective of material type.

In reality no object can absorb 100% of the light. Some light is always reflected. Charcoal is an example of material that behaves like a blackbody.

Black-body Radiation Wiki:

Colour Temperature Wiki:

The Kelvin scale

Increase in temperature = Increase in brightness + the dominant wavelength shortens. For example in the following graph the line for 7500K shows most of the light being given off in the shorter wavelengths within the visible spectrum. Infrared light is also given off which is why humans can be seen in darkness with infrared cameras.

Temperature curves peak at different wavelengths.


By utilizing these relationships the temperature of an object approaching a black body can be worked out.
For example the sun:

Similarly different lights/film stock are associated with different temperature on the Kelvin scale:

Photographic daylight is around 5500K while around 3200K is associated with Tungsten lighting.

Wien's displacement law:

Kelvin Wiki:

A scene may have many different light sources and yet the white balance can only be set for one color temperature which will result in color shifts relative to these lights throughout the scene.
In the following image a Kelvin scale has been drawn showing the relationship between color and degrees.

Image sourced from:

Reflection, Absorption and Refraction

Different materials absorb some wavelengths of visible light and not others. The wavelengths that aren't absorbed are bounced of the surface giving the object its color.

The chlorophyll in leaves, for example, is bad at absorbing green light but really good at absorbing blue and red light as shown in the following graph.


Diffuse, Specular and Glossy Reflection and Transmission/Refraction

"100 materials whose BRDFs have been measured and stored for academic research. 50 of these materials are considered "smooth" (e.g. metals and plastics) while the remaining 50 are considered "rough" (e.g. fabrics).

Source:

Of  interest
BSDF - Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function
BRDF - Bidirectional ReflectanceDistribution Function
BTDF - Didirectional Transmittance Distribution Function

"The interaction of light with a surface can be expressed as a single function, called the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, or BRDF for short [Nicodemus77]. This is a function of four angles, two incident and two reflected, as well as the wavelength and polarization of the incident radiation".

Gregory Ward - Measureing and Modeling Anisotropic Reflection

Terms: 
Incoming Light & Incident angle
Outgoing light and angle of reflection
Viewer position

Descriptions:
Isotropic reflections
Anisotropic reflections
Fresnel Reflections
Micro-facets 

Specular Reflection

A mirror is a perfect example of a specular reflection. A mirror has a smooth surface that, ideally, doesn't absorb or scatter light although marble is also a smooth surface due to a scattering process that happens beneath its surface, it can never be mirror like. 

Specular reflections depend upon the angle of view relative to the surface normal - "...the direction of incoming light (the incident ray), and the direction of outgoing light reflected (the reflected ray) make the same angle with respect to the surface normal, thus the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection".

Specular Reflection Wiki:

Diffuse Reflection

Diffuse reflection is light that has been reflected and scattered in many different angles. The effect is a matte reflection. Diffuse light is less viewer dependent than specular reflection because light that has been scattered evenly in all directions will look the same from all directions. This scattering of light is largely due to light entering the surface, bouncing around and exiting in a diffused state.
An example of a diffuse surface would be Tissue Paper. 

Diffuse Reflection Wiki:
In computer graphics diffuse light is scattered in 180 degrees which often looks unnatural and artificial.


Diffuse Transmission

BSSRD - Bidirectional Scattering-Surface Reflectance Distribution Function

Diffuse transmission (or subsurface scattering) is where light enters the surface of a translucent object, scatters and exits at a different angle in a diffused state.
Source: 


In the case of skin, for example, light interacts with the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers beneath the skin's surface - more specifically with the pigment in the epidermis and the blood vessels in the dermis.

The pigments found in the epidermis include Caroten, which is carrot orange, and Melanin which is brown or black. Melanin is produced by melanocytes and the production of melanin is increased by sun exposure.

Dermal circulation of red oxygen rich blood gives a red tint to skin. When our blood vessels are more dilated our skin becomes red and when our blood vessels are constricted our skin becomes pale.

Glossy Reflection

Most objects have a combination of both diffuse and specular reflections. Glossy reflections are a mix between the two where the highlights of light sources can clearly be seen but the reflection is blurry and undefined. Glossy reflections are semi-specular or semi-diffuse reflections.

Realtime rendering of glossy, shiny smooth and rough surfaces - visual examples.


Source:

Glossy reflections are not only dependent upon the viewers perspective relative to the surface normal but also upon the distance that any reflected objects, or parts of objects, may be from the surface upon which they are being reflected. 

The following render of a metal pole reflecting off a mirror like surface shows glossy reflection increasing with distance.

Transmission/Refraction

Transmission is the fraction of radiation directly transmitted through an object and refraction is the change in the propagation of light due to its transmission medium.

As light passes between two separate mediums it will either slow and bend towards the surface normal, (eg: air to water), or speed up and bend away from it, (eg: water to air) .

In the following image "light waves from X change direction and so seem to originate at Y".

 Source:

Snell's Law

Snell's law relates angles of incidence to refraction. If we know the refractive index for air and water, along with the angle of incidence, we can work out the angle of refraction using Snell's formula. 


There is also an online calculator for performing Snell's law:


A list of IOR's for common materials
"Snell's law seems to require in some cases (whenever the angle of incidence is large enough) that the sine of the angle of refraction be greater than one. This of course is impossible, and the light in such cases is completely reflected by the boundary, a phenomenon known as total internal reflection. The largest possible angle of incidence which still results in a refracted ray is called the critical angle; in this case the refracted ray travels along the boundary between the two media." 

Source:  




Snell's law can be used to calculate the critical angle by setting the refraction angle to 90.

Specular And Glossy Transmission/Refraction

As with specular reflection, specular transmission produces a clear refraction of light and, as with Glossy Reflection, Glossy transmission is refracted light that has become semi-diffused. The further into the surface the light penetrates the more diffused (blurry) it will become. 

Frosted glass is an good example of glossy transmission.

 Anisotropy

Anisotropic reflections are often seen on brushed metal surfaces where small parallel surface grooves give the appearance that the reflection is being stretched or pulled in a particular direction.

The reason for this can clearly be seen in the following image:


If each parallel groove where to be represented by a half torus then we would see the specular highlight repeated on each creating the appearance of it being stretched (1 & 2).  In other words, on a surface where parallel grooves run horizontally, the light will be reflected over and over again causing it to look stretched (4) as opposed to a smooth surface (3) where it doesn't.

Hair is example of this:


Another example of anisotropic reflections:


Fresnel Reflections

Augustin Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), an early advocate of the classical wave theory of light, invented equations to describe the reflectivity of smooth surfaces. More specifically "Fresnel equations describe what fraction of the light is reflected and what fraction is refracted (i.e., transmitted). They also describe the phase shift of the reflected light".

The effect is less apparent for materials such as metals but obvious for dielectric, non-conductive surfaces. For plastics, shiny leaves, and glass with refraction indexes of around 1.5, for example, the  normal angle of reflectivity can be as low as 4% but as high as 100% at glancing angle. 

Typically the more grazing the angle the more light reflects instead of refracts.

Further reading:

Most 3D render engines handle Fresnel correctly for dialectic materials but fail with non-dielectric materials such as gold or copper. 

The reason has to do with a variable called k "extinction coefficient" which is the "imaginary part of the complex index of refraction" and relates to light absorption.

In addition non-dielectric materials reflect wavelengths differently. For example copper reflects more red than blue or green.

Further reading

A discussion of this failing and how to correct for it in Maya can be found here:
http://therenderblog.com/custom-fresnel-curves-in-maya/

Here is the script. It was written for Arnold but can be easily altered for other Maya render engines.

A discussion of the script written to generate physically accurate Fresnel curves for metal can be found here:


The discussion linked to above also includes a way to check the reflection curve for any given IOR. 

1. Write a script that creates and rotates 90 poly planes in the X axis - 0 to 90 degrees (1). 
2. Create a 100% white dome light with no shadows and apply a shader with no diffuse and an IOR value of your choosing. 
3. Render from a top view orthographic camera (2).
4. In nuke take the render and add a color sampler node to it (3). 
5. Compare the resulting curve corresponding to your IOR here (Reflection calculator):


 

 Energy Conservation

The total reflection, refraction and diffuse contribution should always be equal or less then the total contribution of light hitting the surface. 



An Arnold User Guide image showing correct and incorrect energy conservation:

A seemingly obvious thing to say but, considering most 3D shaders allow the artist to "break" such physical laws and make a surface 100% refractive and 100% reflective at the same time, it's worth noting.

Chromatic Aberration

When light enters the lens of a camera different wavelengths of light can refract at different angles. The result is that "fringes" of color can be seen "along boundaries that separate dark and bright parts of the image, because each color in the optical spectrum cannot be focused at a single common point.Since the focal length f of a lens is dependent on the refractive index n, different wavelengths of light will be focused on different positions".  

Chromatic Aberration increase as the power of the lens increases.


Image sourced from:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration

Shader Models

1. Lambert
2. Phong
3. Blinn-Phong
4. Cook–Torrance
5. Ward
6. Oren-Nayar

1. Lambert

If you were to aim a light at an idealized lambertian surface and isolate an illuminated section, it would appear to have an even distribution of energy from all points of views.

The properties of a real world material with Lambertian characteristics, chalk for example, contain miroscopic surface variations that cause the light to be diffusely scattered fairly evenly.

Lambert's cosine rule:
SL = Surface Luminance
LL = Light Radiance at normal angle
A.O.I = Angle of Incidence

Therefore:
0   A.O.I =    100%
30 A.O.I =    87%
60 A.O.I =    50%
85 A.O.I =     9%
90 A.O.I =     0% 



In computer graphics the diffuse "reflection is calculated by taking the dot product of the surface's normal vector, N, and a normalized light-direction vector, L, pointing from the surface to the light source. This number is then multiplied by the color of the surface and the intensity of the light hitting the surface".


ID = Intensity of the diffusely reflected light
C  = Color
IL = Intensity of the incoming light.


2. Phong

 Bùi Tường Phong, a computer graphics pioneer,  invented the phong reflection model and developed the first specular algorithm.

The phong shading model has three components:
1. Diffuse component
2. Specular component
3. Ambient component

The following equation combines them:


kd, ks, ka   = diffuse, specular & ambient reflection constants
a              = shininess constant
Lights      = set of all scene light sources
m             = the index of the light source
Lm           =  the direction vector from the light source m  towards  the surface
 Rm            =  the direction a perfectly reflected ray would take from Lm
 V            = viewer vector.



Source: 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_reflection_model 

The following is a visual of the Equation:


Source: 

The ambient component is used to account for light scattered evenly throughout the scene. In games this ambient component is often used to simulate global illumination due to real-time rendering limitations.

The phong shader is not bidirectional nor does it take into consideration fresnel reflections.

3. Blinn-Phong

The Blinn-Phong shading model is a modified version of the Phong shading model.

In the Blinn-Phong shading model specular highlights are calculated using a halfway (H) vector (halfway between the light and view vectors (incident angle and reflected angle).


The angle between the half vector and surface normal approximates the angle between R and V used in the phong model. The dot product of the view vector and reflection vector are replaced with the dot product of the halfway vector and surface normal. The equation is faster to calculate and results in a larger specular highlights due to a smaller angle. Reflections are more realistic.

Blinn-Phong style shader  Programming:
http://wiki.truevision3d.com/hlsl_phong_sample


4. Cook–Torrance
Paper - A Reflectance Model For Computer Graphics -1981
Robert L. Cook and Kenneth E. Torrance developed a light model known as Cook-Torrence which creates more realistic surface reflectance by simulating the presence of miro-facets, analogous to the small variations in real word surfaces at a micro level.

Rough surfaces have varied, random micro-facets, resulting in a broader distribution of light, while smooth surfaces have miro-facets that tend to be oriented in a similar direction. Such micro-facets act as small idealized reflectors that are viewer dependent.

Glossy reflections are a product of these micro-facets and shading models capable of realistically simulating diffuse and glossy surfaces take this surface property into account.



Geometric attenuation factor (0-1) - the amount 
of light remaining after shadowing and masking.

Micro-facets take the form of V-shaped grooves.

If these grooves were aligned in the same direction it would create anisotropic reflections.

Formula examples: 

Reflection model:
 
K = Diffusely reflected light
R = Specular component



D = Distribution function, (of micro-facets)
F = Fresnel function
G = Geometric attenuation

Cook and Torrence used the Beckman distribution function.

Micro-facet models for refraction through rough surfaces:

5. Ward

"Gregory J. Ward [Ward92] in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory developed a relatively simple device for measuring BRDFs that used an Imaging Gonioreflectometer".
Source: 

The ward shading model was designed to be both simple and accurate. It describes an Isotropic Gaussian Model and Anisotropic (Elliptical) Gaussian Model. Wards model is both bidirectional and normalized.

As with the Cook–Torrance shading model the ward shading model uses the micro-faceting theory to generate glossy surfaces. Unlike Cook-Torrence it doesn't take into account shadowing or masking.

Gregory Ward - Measureing and Modeling Anisotropic Reflection
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~gfx/courses/2006/DataDriven/bib/appearance/ward92.pdf

6. Oren-Nayar

Generalization of Lambert’s Reflectance Model

"While the brightness of a Lambertian surface is independent of viewing direction, that of a rough surface increases as the viewing direction approaches the light source direction. In this paper, a comprehensive model is developed that predicts body reflectance from rough surfaces. The surface is modeled as a collection of Lambertian facets. It is shown that such a surface is inherently non-Lambertian due to the foreshortening of the surface facets. Further, the model accounts for complex geometric and radiometric phenomena such as masking, shadowing, and inter reflections between facets".

Oren-Nayar reflection model is similar to Cook-Torrance model. It takes account of micro-facet theory where shadowing and masking occurs and micro-facet cavities are V-shaped and reflections are viewer dependent.

0 = lambertian style surface. Highter values = Rougher
Source:

With the lambertian reflectance model, the faces facing away from the light become darker. In reality these areas should still be bright. The moon, for example, does not behave in a lambertian manner. It is more in keeping with the micro-facet model of light reflectance.